So if your keep your iPhone from connecting to your Outlook, Turn off or disable all Syncing.
Then you go and create an appointment for a future date, it will automatically get deleted?
If it does, might look at the following.
First check that Cached Exchange Mode is not on
under Tools>Account Settings
Open Account Details
Under Exchange Server Name you should see and option for "Use Cached Exchange Mode"
If its ticked, untick it.
Then try closing outlook and reopeing using
Start>Run>Outlook.exe /safe
try it here and see if it happens. If it doesnt then its likely there is a Add-In causing the problem
If it still happens I would close outlook and re-open using
Start>Run>Outlook.exe /cleanrules
This clears and resets all client and server side rules that may be deleting these appointments...
*Before running you may want to note down any current rules so that they may be re-setup later.