1.) whether the GLOFLEX system is considered a good backup system for my purposes or whether there are other comparable ones.
-Yes, you can use it as backup system but imho is not as flexible as standalone backup software such as Paragon, Ghost or Acronis. Better to get a standard USB drive of bigger capacity and use it as storage device for backup program. Those copy\backup utilities on HDDs given by vendors are short versions of the same Ghost or Acronis or Paragon. Get full version and organize your backup plans.
2.) whether using the Seagate USB 3.00 adapter will allow me to increase my transfer speed by 10 if I use it with a P4 USB 2.00 PC.
-No. Your motherboard must have USB3.0 connector (Gigabyte has it) or you need expansion PCI card that gives you USB3.0 interface. In case you have USB2.0 on PC and 3.0 on HDD then your speed will be limited to 2.0 speed.