Here is a complete solution that works like you want.
From your project Explorer in VBA, hide a sheet as the xlSheetVeryHidden (for the Visibility property).
From a visible sheet, select a cell that will be available to users who will change the password.
From the visible sheet code form, add this code:
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Option Explicit
Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range)
If (Target.Column = 2 And Target.Row = 1) Then
Dim newPassword: newPassword = Target.FormulaR1C1
Target.FormulaR1C1 = ""
Application.ActiveWorkbook.Worksheets(2).Cells(1, 1).FormulaR1C1 = newPassword
End If
End Sub
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Make sure that the Column (2 in my example) and the Row (1 in my example) will fit your password cell.
Also, change the index of your hidden worksheet to the appropriate one (2 in my case - it's a zero based index).
To retreive your hidden password, use this code:
Application.ActiveWorkbook.Worksheets(2).Cells(1, 1).FormulaR1C1
Don't forget to set the appropriate index there also.
Finaly don't forget to put a password on your project so other people cannot change the sheet visibility.
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I think it's the only way that you could acheive exactly what you want.
PS. Of course you can replace the password with ******** instead of clearing the text like in my example.