If you run CatOS, the VLAN info is not stored on a seperate file, but part of the config file. The config file location is reported in the output of the "show boot" command.
If you have a pure IOS operating system, the vlan.dat file can be used to store the vlan info (if you use the "vlan database" mode to set the vlan config, and do not do it from global config mode). Note that Cisco recommends configuration from the global config mode.