Question : How can you search e-mail within Outlook 2010 and not use the index?

I am wondering if there is a way to search e-mails within Outlook 2010 and not have the search function look at the index?

Answer : How can you search e-mail within Outlook 2010 and not use the index?

dstrathman--Outlook uses the same indexing as Windows.  There are settings to limit the files/folders indexed .  But you can also index everything.  And there are settings in Outlook to limit the files/folders searched.
So I am not sure I understand your last question.  When you run a search after only a partial indexing you should eventually find all the items you look for--at least in the files/folders chosen.  It will just take longer.  (There is also the option to search All Mail at the bottom of the Search results window.)
Perhaps this reference will help
http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/outlook-help/find-a-message-or-item-by-using-instant-search-HA001230585.aspx