I was able to determine the fix for this issue.
Using adsiedit.msc I navigated to: CN=SystemMailbox{xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx}
The field proxyAddress was empty. I modified it's value to contain:
SMTP:CN=SystemMailbox{1f05a927-169a-4378-aa92-75fee472f2af}@.domain.com
(where as domain is your domain name).
After making this change I re-ran the setup and Mailbox Role ran to completion.
Thank you!