I really don't think so .... since almost everything on sharepoint are dynamically generated, therefore whether one main site or multiple subsites will not impact much on the performance, but instead is the number of people concurrently using your sharepoint portal.
Therefore 50 user accessing your main site and 50 user accessing main and subsite should generating similar performance hits.
Of course, the caching of same sites will help the performace, but due to different security permissons, and customizable contents with web parts and all, I really don't think the difference will be that great.
Anyway, that's my opinion.