1) If you have ssh access, you can set up keys pretty easily. No, you can't use a credentials file, but you may be able to pipe the password through, perhaps using expect. All of the methods are harder than keys, so is it absolutely essential it is passwords?
2) No problem, the -e parameter can be used like this: -e 'ssh -p 2222'
3) rsync by default will only update modified files (by date and/or size)
4) rsync needs to be installed, but does not need to be running as a daemon
5) It depends on the detail of what you want to do - it can be as simple as:
rsync -r -e 'ssh -p 2222' <local files> <username>@<remotehost>:<destination path>